Essay Removal - 837 Words

History is the unfinished book of past mistakes, misjudgments, wrong doings, accomplishments, great feats, and above all a written document of mans creation and survival. Within the text of this book you will see wrong, right, justified, and unjustified actions carried out by all man kind. The removal of the Cherokee nation in 1838-1839 is one of the worst affairs ever carried out by the American government. As no one can deny that this event is a terrible atrocity, the question however of if it is justified is an issue to be thought of separately. Debated by historians still today, the Cherokee Removal act under the Jacksonian administration was one of the greatest horrors ever to be justified in American history. In 1828†¦show more content†¦Uprooting a Nation and relocating them eight hundred miles from the place these people have called home is an evil of extreme magnitude. It is undeniable that this act of Indian Removal was a terrible thing to do, yet history is lettered with bad choices, hurt feelings, and inhumane acts. When the choice was made by Jackson to relocate the Cherokee, and other civilized tribes, there were many factors that played into that decision. The nation was still a baby when Jackson became president. Having only had seven presidents to precede Jackson, the Government was still in the process of forming. The looses confederation we called a nation at that time was desperately trying to hold on to the states that it was forming up around. The need for the Government to have the control over its states, and still allow them to function on there owns was a balance issue that remains in society even today. The Cherokee Nation threatened this very idea. Residing with in the Application Mountains, and mainly the Georgia area, this nation upset the balance the Government was striving for. The Cherokee nation had their own Government system, with a two house legislation, and a supreme court. The Cherokees established New Echota in their Georgia lands as the capital. A separate nation within the bounds of another nations state! How was this to be taken? Was Georgia or the American GovernmentShow MoreRelatedLaser Hair Remo val670 Words   |  3 PagesLaser Hair Removal There is something almost unnerving about constantly having to shave, pluck, and wax unwanted hair from your body. It is a waste of time when you consider that the hair always grows back, forcing you to go through the entire process again. Unwanted hair is one of the most common problems we see at the Center for Dermatology and Cosmetic Laser Surgery. Fortunately, laser hair removal can eliminate the problem once and for all. Our patients from McKinney, Plano, Flower Mound, andRead MoreMountain Top Removal1683 Words   |  7 PagesMountaintop Removal: Critical fuel source or environmental antagonists? Mountaintop Removal mining is a very controversial environmental issue with many pros and cons on both sides of the argument. I have found three different articles with three contrasting views in the sense that they are from different geographic regions. The three articles are from the St. Petersburg Times, The Washington Times, and The Guardian, which are located in Florida, Maryland, and London, respectively. Despite theRead MoreIndian Removal Act Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Indian Removal Act signed by the president of the United States, Andrew Jackson, caused controversy and the brutal and merciless suffering of the Native Americans during The Trail of Tears. The beginning of the 1830’s was a time when the Native Americans occupied The Deep South. This, however, was problematic for the white farmers who were in need of farmland in order to increase their production of cotton. Nevertheless, Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, coerced theRead MoreThe Option of Laser Hair Removal580 Words   |  2 PagesLaser hair removing is a worth considering option for those who are tired of shaving, waxing, or tweezing for the removal of unwanted hair. It is one of the most common procedures done for removing hair in the United States. The procedure of hair removal is done by beaming highly concentrated light into the follicles of hair. This light is then absorbed by the pigments in the follicles and destroys the hair. This procedure became commercial in the mid 1990’s and before this; it had been performedRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act By President Jackson1371 Words   |  6 PagesManifest Destiny by John C. Calhoun and the message promoting the Indian Removal Act by President Jackson, which uses various appeals and logical fallacies to persuade the audience on the ideal benefits and optimistic virtues without the consideration of the Native American demographic. While expanding, the Americans encountered numerous Native Americans that ranged from a violent interaction to a peaceful treaty of removal in order to satisfy the American’s territorial cupidity. Despite AmericaRead MoreThe Cherokee Removal Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pagesremaining hunters. So women started to weave cloth, these Cherokee planters became rich, and the first law established in 1808 was about preventing the theft horses, also Cherokees invented a system for writing the Cherokee language. The Indian Removal policy started by Andrew Jackson and passed in 1830. In 1790s the Georgia legislature planed a lottery system, that was system of land distribution and qualifying citizens could register for a chance to win these lands. United States could not forceRead MoreIndian Removal Act Of 1830923 Words   |  4 PagesIt gives me pleasure to announce to Congress . . . the removal of the Indians beyond the white settlements is approaching to a happy consummation† (Jackson, 1830, para.1). With promises of new lands, protection, and monies, President Andrew Jackson portrays the Indian Removal Act of 1830 as beneficial to Indians, wherein governmental financial gain is incidental. However, when considering land transactions and gold discoveries, the true beneficiaries are revealed. While strengthening the States’Read MoreEssay on Mountaintop Removal Mining1289 Words   |  6 Pagesas mountaintop removal mining has plagued areas of the eastern United States, main ly including the state of West Virginia. Throughout its increasing stages of implementation, mountaintop removal mining has caused numerous hampering effects, including causing serious harm to nearby residents, and polluting a once-pure environment. Because of this, mountaintop removal mining needs to be limited in order to preserve the natural state of the Appalachian Mountains. Mountaintop removal mining has beenRead More The Removal of the Cherokee Essay5749 Words   |  23 Pagesof morality for all generations. Ancient Native American tribes were forced from their ancestral homes in an effort to increase the aggressive expansion of white settlers during the early years of the United States. The most notable removal came after the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Cherokee, whose journey was known as the Trail of Tears, and the four other civilized tribes, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole, were forced to emigrate to lands west of the Mississippi River, to what isRead MoreThe Indian Removal Act Of 18301083 Words   |  5 Pages The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a law passed by President Andrew Jackson that provided the funds for the removal of the Indian tribes found in South. These tribes were the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. Slave states, following the lead of Missouri who in the 1820s forced its Indian population to leave, s aw the opportunity to expand their industry in the fielding of cotton by â€Å"converting Indian soil into slave soil.† That along with the finding of gold and simply the desire

Oppression Is The Driving Force Behind The Violence

Oppression is the driving force behind the violence in Israel. It is based on a land dispute that led to oppression and now the violence seen today. Israel is plagued with a cycle of violence and fear. There are many factors behind the climate of terror that is taking place in Israel, but none as significant as oppression. The establishment of Israel by Jews led to many changes for Palestinian Arabs, who were already living in the area. Many of these changes were oppressive and intrusive to the Palestinian Arabs’ way of life. As can be expected, wherever there is oppression, violence and fear normally follow. Both sides have suffered losses amidst this violence. Jews claim they fled to Palestine to avoid persecution and that establishing Israel as a Jewish state would be the only way to ensure their safety. Yet their safety, and now the safety of Palestinian Arabs, are both unsure. In the late 1800’s, Jews across Europe began fleeing to Palestine to avoid anti-Semitism and persecution. During this era, there was a movement known as the Zionist; the Zionists wanted to return to the Jewish Holy Land to establish a Jewish state that would serve as a sanctuary for Jews. However, according to the State of Israel Proclaimed (State), at this time the Zionist leadership was unable to persuade the Ottoman Empire to grant them a charter. The following decades would see sporadic migration of Jews into Palestine. World War I brought about more change in Palestine, includingShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Its Impact On Society983 Words   |  4 Pagesinevitable division among classes, and that these divisions exists in both the school and society. Conflict theorists have the idea that the driving force in complex societies is the unending struggle between different groups to hold power and status. Conflicts theorists differ from functionalists point of views because functionalist claim that the driving force behind social and educational change is the progressive movement toward technical development and social integration. (p. 41) The most notableRead MoreHuman Rights And Social Equity757 Words   |  4 Pagesdid not focus on reaching the most vulnerable and excluded populations, one of the five big proposed transformative shifts within the post-2015 development agenda is leave no one behind (UN, 2013). One aspect of human rights and social equity that may affect development over the next two decades are gender equality forces. While there has been a significant amount of progress in women’s rights over decades, there continues to be a ways to go. In order for women’s rights to become a universal realityRead MoreViolence Is The Fundamental Factor That Defines The Meaning And Practice Of Colonization1607 Words   |  7 Pages Violence is inescapable when considering political agenda. In the words of Fanon, â€Å"National liberation, national reawakening, restoration of the nation to the people or Commonwealth, whatever the name used, whatever the latest expression, decolonization is always a violent event† (1). According to Fanon, violence is the fundamental factor that defines the meaning and practice of colonisation. In Fanon’s chapter â€Å"On Violence†, he writes predominately about the centrality of violence in resistingRead MoreSummary Of Th ree Ways Of Meeting Oppression1722 Words   |  7 PagesWaheeda Samady, â€Å"Three Ways of Meeting Oppression† by Martin Luther King Jr., and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates. In â€Å"A Cab Drivers Daughter† a Pediatrician examines her life and the life of her father; she notes all the stereotypes and negativity that surrounds an immigrant driving a cab. This story shines light on the generation gap and cultural beliefs. Secondly, â€Å"Three Ways of Meeting Oppression† is the explanation behind the ideology of the segregation activistRead MoreGandhi s Life And Achievements1400 Words   |  6 Pagesstriving and pining to achieve these thirty years—is self-realization, to see God face to face, to attain Moksha (Fischer, 22).† Thus, his spiritual goals are reflected in all his work. Spiritual beliefs led the movement and its leader to practice non-violence, hunger strikes and passive resistance. The Maha tma was also engaged in literary, philosophical and political endeavors. In many ways, Gandhi was a renaissance man. However, his most important and effective contributions to Indian resistance cameRead MoreMalcolm X vs. Martin Luther King Jr.1723 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives differed immensely. The main primary difference focused on their willingness to employ violence to achieve their end goals. While Dr. King suggests a civil disobedient approach in â€Å"Give Us The Ballot† and â€Å"Pilgrimage to Non Violence,† Malcolm X believed otherwise, expressing his belief that the black community needed to rise up and organize. Malcolm X articulated his view on the necessary use of violence and retaliation in â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet†. Despite the striking differences of methodsRead MoreMalcolm X Vs. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1717 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives differed immensely. The main primary difference focused on their willingness to employ violence to achieve their end goals. While Dr. King suggests a civil disobedient approach in â€Å"Give Us The Ballot† and â€Å"Pilgrimage to Non Violence,† Malcolm X believed otherwise, expressing his belief that the black community needed to rise up and organize. Malcolm X articulated his view on the necessary use of violence and retaliation in â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet†. Despite the striking differences of methodsRead MoreConsequences Of Colonialism By European Nations1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdesire for land and wealth, warped to justify atrocities impacting the globe. Unfortunately, there is one consequence that continues to devastate nations throughout the globe today; violence. To begin to understand the effects we must first understand why and how we got to the point of no return and the driving factor behind unsolicited and at times, bloody invasions across the world. This ongoing turmoil and social injustices lead us to a resounding No. While attempting to find new access to the prosperousRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Khirbet Khizeh 1610 Words   |  7 Pagesor the desire for the political liberation of a particular country. The nationalist movement for the return of the Jewish people to their homeland and the establishment of a Jewish state in Israel is known as Zionism. This ideology was the driving force behind the Jewish expulsion of the Palestinians from their villages in1948. Through the eyes of an unnamed Israeli soldier, S. Yizhar describes this purge as it ensued in one Palestinian town in his autobiographical novella, Khirbet Khizeh. The contradictoryRead MoreHegemony, Resistance, Revolt Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesThe conquest of Latin America was a fairly quick process in which the theme of hegemony was vastly prominent. The cultures of colonialism and competitive nature to obtain wealth through exploitation were the main driving force of hegemony. It is natural to exploit the people of lower cla ss or societal rank for ones own advantage, and that is what happened. As the pressure of power and control became overbearing toward the people, resistance was sure to follow. Looking at todays society

Cognitive Process of Analysis in Qualitative MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cognitive Process of Analysis in Qualitative Enquiry. Answer: Introduction Pregnancy, child bearing and childbirth are important stages and events in the lives of human beings, especially women. Nevertheless, women are exposed to significant psychological and body changes before, during and after the pregnancy (Sangsawang and Sangsawang, 2013). A normal pregnancy, lactation and recovery from the childbirth process may take up to 12 months, and during this period, a mother may wish to participate in any form of sport, recreation, fitness or health exercises (Ricci and Kyle, 2009; Littleton-Gibbs and Engebretson, 2012). Prenatal awareness and education classes emphasizes on the importance of mothers to engage in mild exercises to strengthen muscles following pregnancy or the process of giving birth (Hammer, Perkins and Parr, 2000). Over a long period, nurses and caregivers encourage pregnant women to engage in walking and less intense activities to engage the muscles and remain healthy (Lauwers and Swisher, 2015). Traditionally, midwifes play a pivotal role in educating mothers on how to address postnatal problems early and manage any arising clinical or physical challenges effectively (Ricci and Kyle, 2009). One of the emerging early problems in postnatal mothers is stress urinary incontinence (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003; Dnmez and Kavlak, 2015). Postpartum urinary incontinence is induced by vaginal deliveries, especially for mothers who are having the first birth (Farrell, Allen and Baskett, 2011; Wagg, 2010). The causes of the problem include large babies, difficulties during deliveries due to lengthy pushing or inadequate instrumentation (Farrell, Allen and Baskett, 2011). Research indicates that postnatal incontinence is a commonly overlooked, yet important aspect of maternal morbidity (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Postnatal incontinence is a very serious and embarrassing Management problem among women (Macdonald, 2011). Childbirth constitutes a major risk factor for many mothers and increases the chances of developing postnatal urinary incontinence due to the trauma, stretching and widening of the pelvic floor muscles. Distention and weakness in the pelvic floor muscles and the surrounding connective tissues are the most common causes of postpartum urinary incontinence (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Moreover, vaginal deliveries often result in the damage of innervations, thus contributing to the development of the problem. Vaginal deliveries often tend to limit and restrict the ability of the pelvic floor muscles to contribute to the control of bladders resulting into urinary continence. In addition, the emergency of the baby during the normal vaginal delivery stretches the muscles, nerves and fascia around the pelvic floor leading to tearing of the endopelvic fascia. The resulting pudental nerves trauma leads to the dysfunction of the pelvic floor muscles and weakening of the connective tissue. This causes women to experience symptoms of dysfunctional pelvic floor, including organ prolepses and urinary incontinent (Barlow, 1978). There is a high prevalence of urinary incontinence during the postpartum period ranging from 3-40 % of mothers (Thom and Rortveit, 2010). It is important to engage in an accurate assessment and evaluation of the incidence and prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence in order to estimate its public health burden and determine the appropriate sample sizes required while designing and conducting clinical studies and investigations (Ege, Ak?n, Altuntu?, Benli and Arioez, 2008). The differences in estimates and prevalence of the condition may also aid nurses and medical practitioners to identify the women at significant risk of postpartum urinary incontinence (Mrkved and B, 1999). Although the clinical problem is clear, the challenge lies in designing the appropriate treatment intervention. Caregivers rarely engage in discussion on the prevention of urinary incontinence because at this stage, the only intervention is surgical procedures (Hvidman et al. 2003). There are several studies suggesting that exercises designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles are very important for treating stress urinary incontinence (B, Hagen, Kvarstein, Jrgensen, Larsen and Burgio, 1990; Park and Kang, 2014). The understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is critical in aiding mothers in pelvic floor exercises. Researchers recommend that mothers should be able to engage in at least 20 pelvic floor exercises (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Majority of women suffering from stress urinary incontinence dont seek medical assistance. The women tend to experience and suffer from the indignity of urinary incontinence for many years, often accepting the condition as a normal part of life (Viktrup, 2002). According to Wilson, Herbison and Herbison (1996) pelvic floor exercises offers cost-effective, simple and easy to apply processes and approaches that midwives may use to address the problem. Kegel exercises are critical to addressing the challenge of stress urinary incontinence among postpartum mothers (Hay-Smith, Mrkved, Fairbrother and Herbison, 2008; Boyle, Hay-Smith, Cody and Mrkved, 2012). Unfortunately, most mothers lack the knowledge, understanding and application of Kegel exercises, the low uptake and utilization of the method in addressing stress urinary incontinence (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Kegel exercises are effective in reducing urinary incontinence among mothers following childbirth (Burgio, Robinson and Engel, 1986). In a prospective randomized controlled trial involving 676 women (Control, n=328; intervention, n=348), Chiarelli and Cockburn (2002) investigated interventions for promoting urinary continence in New South Wales for women to prevent urinary incontinence after giving birth to their children. The findings from the study indicated that the intervention group had an incontinence prevalence rate of 31% while the control group had 38.4%. During follow-up, the intervention group only had 10.1 % prevalence rate while the control group had 17%. The findings from this study suggests the use of interventions that promote urinary continence can significantly reduce the problem and prevalence of incontinence in women following birth, especially regarding its severity and particularly promoting the performance of pelvic floor exercises. In another retrospective matched control trial, Mrkved and B (2000) Management investigated the effects of a postpartum pelvic floor muscle training on the treatment and prevention of urinary incontinence among 81 matched pairs of mothers (n=162). 76 pairs had virginal deliveries while 5 had elective caesarian section. The measurement of the strength of pelvic floor muscle before intervention was conducted at one year after delivery and post interventions measurement undertaken on the 8 week following training intervention. Structured interviews and standardized pad tests were used to register the continence status of the participants. The results indicated that at the one year follow up, there were a significantly large number of women in the control group than intervention group that reported stress urinary incontinence or urinary leakage during pad tests (P0.01). During the period between 16th week and 1 year postpartum, there was a significant increase in muscle strength in the i ntervention group compared to the control group. The findings from this study suggest that pelvic floor muscle training during the postpartum period is an effective intervention for treating and preventing stress urinary incontinence. Similarly, Gorbea, Velzquez and Kunhardt (2004) conducted a randomized control trial to determine contribution of pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy and puerperium on the prevalence of urinary incontinence. Measures were undertaken at 28 and 35 week of gestation and at 6 weeks following childbirth. A sample size of 72 mothers participated in the study (intervention, n=52.7% and control, n=47.2%). The study found that in the control group urinary stress incontinence was at 17.2%, 47% and 47%, respectively for the three periods, while in the intervention group, it was 0%, 0% and 15%, respectively. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the presence of urinary stress incontinence between the two groups across the three stages of measurement. The findings from this study led to the conclusion that pelvic floor exercises during and after pregnancy were effective in preventing urinary stress incontinence. Problem Statement Despite the existence of substantial evidence supporting the effectiveness of pelvic floor exercises in preventing and treating urinary stress incontinence, there is a general lack of knowledge on the experiences and perceptions of mothers on the effectiveness Kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the early postnatal period. From the literature review, no previous study has explored the experiences, feelings and perceptions of the mothers concerning the use and effectiveness of pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises in improving bladder control and reducing postnatal urinary stress incontinence. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the mothers perceptions and experience of kegel exercises and its effectiveness in improving bladder control and reducing urinary stress incontinence during the postnatal period. The main research question is: Does Kegel exercises improve bladder control in the early postnatal mothers? The proposed study will address the following research objectives: To determine the perceptions of mothers concerning the kegel exercises during postnatal period To evaluate the self reported effectiveness of kegel exercises on improving bladder control and reducing stress urinary incontinence among postnatal mothers This being a qualitative study, there will be no formulation and testing of a research hypothesis (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). Since the study seeks to examine the perceptions and experience of the mothers concerning the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the postnatal period, it is very difficult to formulate a research hypothesis due to lack of prior knowledge. Therefore, this study will depend heavily on grounded theory in generating the hypothesis based on the trends gleaned from data collection, findings and responses gathered throughout the entire qualitative research process (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). The grounded theory approach enables the researcher to engage in a qualitative investigation without feeling the pressure to develop hypothesis and only establish the trends, hypothesis nor themes emerging from the data collected. Instead of measuring, the researcher will use questioning approach, and rely on theoretical coding to develop themes and categories that will inform the hypothesis or conclusions drawn from the study (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). Research Methodology A research methodology is the framework that governs the entire approach to an investigation. A research methodology guides the researcher in determining the sample size, the target population, the methods of collecting, documenting, preparing, analyzing and presenting the research findings. A good research methodology is that which allows the researcher flexibility, is cost effective, relevant and appropriate for attaining the intended purpose of the investigation. The researcher will employ a qualitative research design to attain the purpose of the investigation. A qualitative design allows the research to explore flexibility and use the questioning approach to gather subjective information, feelings and experiences of participants concerning the defined research problem or phenomenon under investigation (Marshall and Rossman, 2011). A qualitative design allows the researcher to use different methods and approaches to study and observe the subjects in their natural settings, hence collecting accurate and relevant information within the prevailing context or situation (Marshall and Rossman, 2011). Moreover, a qualitative design allows the researcher to generate relevant insights and meaningful experiences of the participants or subjects in their daily living routines. Another advantage of the qualitative design is that it allows room for collection of complete accounts and explanations for the behavior of participants or outcomes from participa tion in given nursing programs, treatment or interventions. Therefore, qualitative research is the most effective approach for gathering experiences, perceptions and attitudes of mothers concerning the use and effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the postnatal period. The researcher will design and use semi-structured interviews to attain the purpose of the proposed study. The use of semi-structured interviews will allow the researcher to explore the questioning and probing approach, thus gathering more subjective information and feelings surrounding the proposed research question (Bernard and Bernard, 2012). Moreover, semi-structured interviews that are self-administered enable the researcher to collect non-verbal cues that complement the verbal information gathered from the research subjects or participants (Galletta, 2013). Using the semi-structured interview method will give the researcher flexibility to uncover descriptive data, clarify information, identify relationships and linkages between the responses from the participants and the existing theoretical background and foundations (Galletta, 2013). Collection of experiences, descriptions, feelings and emotions will enable the researcher to adequately address the research question and unders tand the perception of the postnatal mothers regarding the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control and reducing stress urinary incontinence. The setting of the study will be mothers attending treatment at a government and public hospital in Australia. The study population will be postnatal mothers attending the hospital who are admitted for urinary blood incontinence during the postnatal period. The inclusion criteria will comprise mothers admitted to the hospital with stress urinary incontinence following a normal vaginal delivery. Only mothers who are available and willing to participate in the treatment will be included in the study. The researcher will adopt purposive sampling to achieve the purpose of the study. Sampling techniques allows the research to identify and select actual subjects from the target population to take part in the research, including participation in the interventions and collecting of information concerning their experience or perceptions regarding the subject under investigation (Privitera, 2013). Since the researcher cannot conduct a survey, due to the amount of time required and the extensive data collected through qualitative research, sampling allows selection of a representative group whose experiences are then generalized and applied to the entire population (Privitera, 2013). For the purpose of this study, the researcher will use purposive sampling technique, which allows the researcher to define the objective of the researcher and identify people whose experiences, feelings and data collected allows for the attainment of the purpose of the study. Through the purposive sampling technique, the researcher already has understanding of the type of information and feedback that is being sought and the type of people that can provide the desired information (Tongco, 2007). The researcher then goes out to identify the people, question them and collect the information. Due to the flexibility, and ease of use the purposive sampling method is effective for collecting qualitative data from participants. Therefore, the researcher will use the purposive sampling technique to identify subjects or participants to attain the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control in mothers during the postnatal period from their own exp eriences and subjective feelings. The sample size is very critical in attaining the purpose of a research. A small sample size is manageable, especially when conducting qualitative study. This is because it allows the researcher to collect adequate and manageable data to allow for easier processing, analysis and presentation. Nevertheless, a small sample size is disputable when it fails to collect adequate information resulting into conclusions that can be generalized to the entire population. A researcher needs to be very careful while determining and selecting the sample size to avoid introducing selection and representative bias in the study. A sample size of 30 mothers will be deemed adequate, relevant and manageable for attaining the purpose of the proposed study. Data Collection Secondary data will be collected through a review of previous data from books, journals and other relevant publications. The literature review will guide the development of context, background and understanding of the theoretical background governing the proposed study. Moreover, literature review will be critical in understanding the existing body of knowledge concerning the subject under investigation, delineating the proposed study from previous studies, setting the scope, determining existing gaps and limitations of previous studies and providing recommendations for future investigations. Primary data will be critical in attaining the purpose of the proposed study. Since this is a qualitative study, it will be important to collect primary data on the feelings and experiences of the mothers admitted with stress urinary incontinence and their perception of the bladder control exercises in preventing and treating the problem. Face-to-face interviews will be important in collecting primary data as this will ensure completeness of the semi-structured interviews and provide an opportunity for the researcher to probe, clarify information and conduct necessary checks to ensure accuracy and correctness of the information collected. Each participant will be interviewed alone in her own nursing room to allow for privacy and confidentiality since urinary stress incontinence is a very embarrassing problem for postnatal mothers. With the permission of the mothers, the researcher shall record the interviews and replay them to allow for summary, clarification and approval of the part icipants regarding its accuracy. After the interview process, the researcher will engage in transcription of the recorded interviews. The transcriptions will be given to an independent reviewer to check for accuracy and consistency. Three level coding approached proposed by Morse (1994) framework will be used to perform analysis of the collected data. The first step will involve identifying unique codes to represent specific information or meaning for every category. The second step will involve developing groups for the coded data to establish similar meanings, subthemes and categories from the collected information. The final step will involve establishing broad categories, trends and common themes emerging from the data and drawing relevant insights, interpretations and conclusions from the data. Two independent reviewers will go through the codes and compare it with the actual data collected from the participants to ensure accuracy, correctness and appropriateness of the coding process (Graneheim and Lundman, 20 04). Rigor, Reliability and validity The concept of rigor is very important while conducting qualitative investigations. In qualitative studies, rigor entails discovering or determining the trustworthiness of the research findings to address the research problem or question. Unlike quantitative studies that rely on the empirical test of reliability and validity, it is very difficult to establish rigor in qualitative investigations. Nevertheless, the researcher can establish rigor using a set of techniques and methods including determining the credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability of the research findings. The researcher will ensure credibility of the data and information collected by tape recording the data, conducting members check and verifying the data with the participants. Transferability will be assessed by sharing the data and information with independent reviewers for constructive criticisms. Dependability will be assessed will be assessed by providing the information to a professional nurse implementing the kegel exercises program to determine correctness of coding and analysis process. Finally, confirmability will be assessed through using the actual words that the participants used to describe their experience and perceptions of kegel exercises in improving bladder control in postnatal mothers. Ethical considerations will be critical to the attainment of the proposed study. the researcher will seek permission and approval from the university ethics committee before commencing the study. Moreover, the researcher will seek permission and approval from the hospital Management and nurses prior to the commencement of the study. Finally, the researcher will provide informed consent to the participating mothers to inform them of the purpose of the study, and their right to terminate their involvement when they deem necessary. The researcher will ensure privacy of the participants by not sharing their personal experiences and using codes instead of their names. Sampling is likely to introduce selection bias in the study. This is particularly challenging when the researcher fails to select an appropriate and representative population. The choice of the qualitative research design is likely to limit the study because it is not possible to collect and analyze quantitative data and conduct reliability and validity tests. The small sample size may affect the quality, and accuracy of the research findings, which will influence the process of drawing insights and conclusions and ultimately limit the generalization of the findings to the entire population. Conclusion The proposed research will investigate the experiences and perceptions of mothers concerning the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the postnatal period. this study is important because there are few qualitative studies exploring the subject. Moreover, many mothers are unaware of the possible effectiveness of kegel exercises in controlling urinary stress incontinence, which continues to affect many mothers after they have given birth. References Barlow, F.H., 1978. Physiotherapy in obstetrics and gynaecology.British medical journal,2(6150), p.1497. Bernard, H.R. and Bernard, H.R., 2012.Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage B, K., Hagen, R.H., Kvarstein, B., Jrgensen, J., Larsen, S. and Burgio, K.L., 1990. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: III. Effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises.Neurourology and Urodynamics,9(5), pp.489-502 Boyle, R., Hay-Smith, E.J., Cody, J.D. and Mrkved, S., 2012. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,10, p.CD Burgio, K.L., Robinson, J.C. and Engel, B.T., 1986. The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence.American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,154(1), pp.58-64. Chiarelli, P. and Cockburn, J., 2002. Promoting urinary continence in women after delivery: randomised controlled trial.Bmj,324(7348), p.1241. Corbin, J. M., Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1): 3-21. Dnmez, S. and Kavlak, O., 2015. Effects of prenatal perineal massage and Kegel exercises on the integrity of postnatal perine.Health,7(04), p.495-505 Ege, E., Ak?n, B., Altuntu?, K., Benli, S. and Arioez, A., 2008. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in the 12-month postpartum period and related risk factors in Turkey.Urologia internationalis,80(4), pp.355-361 Farrell, S.A., Allen, V.M. and Baskett, T.F., 2001. Parturition and urinary incontinence in primiparas.Obstetrics Gynecology,97(3), pp.350-356 Galletta, A., 2013.Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: From research design to analysis and publication. NYU Press Gorbea, C.V., Velzquez, S.M.P. and Kunhardt, R.J., 2004. Effect of pelvic floor exercise during pregnancy and puerperium on prevention of urinary stress incontinence.Ginecologia y obstetricia de Mexico,72, pp.628-636. Graneheim, U.H. and Lundman, B., 2004. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.Nurse education today,24(2), pp.105-112. Hammer, R.L., Perkins, J. and Parr, R., 2000. Exercise during the childbearing year.The Journal of perinatal education,9(1), pp.1-13. Hay-Smith, J., Mrkved, S., Fairbrother, K.A. and Herbison, G.P., 2008. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,4, p.CD. Hvidman, L., Foldspang, A., Mommsen, S. and Nielsen, J.B., 2003. Postpartum urinary incontinence.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica,82(6), pp.556-563 Lauwers, J. and Swisher, A., 2015.Counseling the nursing mother. Jones Bartlett Publishers Littleton-Gibbs, L.Y. and Engebretson, J., 2012.Maternity nursing care. Cengage Learning Macdonald, S., 2011.Mayes' Midwifery: a textbook for midwives. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mrkved, S. and B, K., 1999. Prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum.International Urogynecology Journal,10(6), pp.394-398. Morse, J.M., 1994. Emerging from the data: the cognitive process of analysis in qualitative enquiry. IN: Morse, JM.Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods Park, S.H. and Kang, C.B., 2014. Effect of Kegel Exercises on the Management of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Advances in Nursing,2014, pp. 1-10 Privitera, G.J., 2013.Research methods for the behavioral sciences. Sage Publications Ricci, S.S. and Kyle, T., 2009.Maternity and pediatric nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins Sangsawang, B. and Sangsawang, N., 2013. Stress urinary incontinence in pregnant women: a review of prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment.International urogynecology journal,24(6), pp.901-912. Thom, D.H. and Rortveit, G., 2010. Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica,89(12), pp.1511-1522. Tongco, M.D.C., 2007. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection.Ethnobotany Research and applications,5, pp.147-158 Viktrup, L., 2002. The risk of lower urinary tract symptoms five years after the first delivery.Neurourology and urodynamics,21(1), pp.2-29 Wagg, A., 2010.Women's Experiences, Beliefs and Knowledge of Urinary Symptoms in the Postpartum Period and the Perceptions of Health Professionals(Doctoral dissertation) Wilson, P.D., Herbison, R.M. and Herbison, G.P., 1996. Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,103(2), pp.154-161.